Viscosity plays a crucial function in determining whether fluid flow is laminar or turbulent. In steady flow, the fluid particles move in parallel stratas, with minimal dispersion. This occurs when the speed of the fluid is slight and the viscosity is pronounced. Conversely, turbulent flow is characterized by irregular movement of fluid particles.

Semiconductors play a fundamental role in modern electronics due to their ability to manipulate the flow of electricity under specific conditions. They can be broadly classified into two categories: intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors. Intrinsic semiconductors, such as pure silicon or germanium, possess limited conductivity because their valence